A review on the evolution of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for bladder cancer: The future is now

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the United States (US), and as of 2012, is the ninth most common cancer diagnosed worldwide, affecting 430,000 people and resulting in 165,000 deaths annually [1,2]. The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking and worldwide incidence rates correspond with smoking prevalence [2]. Although significant time, effort, and spend has been dedicated to bladder cancer research, overall incidence and mortality rates have changed little over the past 20 years [1–3].

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