Patterns produced when soil is transferred to bras by placing and dragging actions: the application of digital photography and image processing to support visible observations

Forensic soil examination has a wide range of advanced analytical methods available to compare soil with likely localities of origin [1–10]. These methods are generally defined as biological, chemical or physical. However, the way in which soil transferred by actions such as dragging has received little attention, apart from the early work of Locard in 1930 [11]. All other laboratory-based investigations have focused on the transfer of human-made manufactured materials such as textile fibres, glass, fluorescent powder, lighter flint particles and metal particles (glitter) [12–21].

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