Insulin resistance has been characterized as attenuation of insulin sensitivity at target organs and tissues, such as muscle and fat tissues and the liver. The insulin signaling cascade is divided into major pathways such as the PI3K/Akt pathway and the MAPK/MEK pathway. In insulin resistance, however, these pathways are not equally impaired. For example, in the liver, inhibition of gluconeogenesis by the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 2 pathway is impaired, while lipogenesis by the IRS1 pathway is preserved, thus causing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. It has been recently suggested that selective impairment of insulin signaling cascades in insulin resistance also occurs in the kidney. In the renal proximal tubule, insulin signaling via IRS1 is inhibited, while insulin signaling via IRS2 is preserved. Insulin signaling via IRS2 continues to stimulate sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and causes sodium retention, edema, and hypertension. IRS1 signaling deficiency in the proximal tubule may impair IRS1-mediated inhibition of gluconeogenesis, which could induce hyperglycemia by preserving glucose production. In the glomerulus, the impairment of IRS1 signaling deteriorates the structure and function of podocyte and endothelial cells, possibly causing diabetic nephropathy. This paper mainly describes selective insulin resistance in the kidney, focusing on the proximal tubule.
from #AlexandrosSfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YhtCFL
via IFTTT
Εγγραφή σε:
Σχόλια ανάρτησης (Atom)
Δημοφιλείς αναρτήσεις
-
Publication date: Available online 4 January 2018 Source: European Journal of Radiology Author(s): Peiyao Zhang, Jing Wang, Qin Xu, Zhen...
-
Publication date: March 2017 Source: Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 104 from #AlexandrosSfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfak...
-
Dtsch med Wochenschr DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-100054 Hintergrund und Fragestellung Ein etablierter Weg, die optimale Behandlung von Tumorpatien...
-
Background Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased thrombotic risk. As contact system activation through formation of neutrophil extrac...
-
Deepak Thapa, Vanita Ahuja, Deepanshu Dhiman Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2017 61(12):1012-1014 from #AlexandrosSfakianakis via Alexa...
-
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dengue is a common arboviral disease, which uncommonly involves the brain. There has been a recent surge in dengu...
-
Abstract Limited memory size is considered as a major bottleneck in data centers for intelligent urban computing. It is shown that there e...
-
Linked Article: Maintz et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:481–487 . from #AlexandrosSfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader h...
-
Publication date: Available online 28 February 2018 Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology Author(s): Mo...
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου