Adjuvant therapy in patients with Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the breast: The Pandora’s box

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) currently accounts for approximately one fifth of newly-diagnosed breast cancers [1]. The actual rate of approximately 1.6-2.0 per 1,000 women screened [1,2] has increased fivefold in the last 25 years both in the U.S. and in Europe [1,3–5], mostly due to the expanded use of screening mammography. However, the natural history of screen-detected DCIS is unclear. Some forms of DCIS remain indolent throughout the lifespan of a patient, whereas other forms have a higher propensity to advance into life-threatening invasive disease.

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