Short range shooting distance estimation using variable pressure SEM images of the surroundings of bullet holes in textiles

In many firearm related crimes, the range from which a weapon has been fired is an important component in the reconstruction of the crime scene. The firing distance estimation is based on the examination of the appearance of the bullet entrance hole and the examination of gunshot residue (GSR) patterns around the hole [1]. The mixture of unburned and partially burnt propellant, amorphous sooty material, incandescent gases, and primer discharge residues expelled from the muzzle will deposit in front of the gun, causing vastly variable discharge residue patterns [2].

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