It is unknown whether first-generation electronic cigarettes reduce smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms following a 24 h deprivation period. This study tested whether a first-generation electronic cigarette reduces smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms in cigarette smokers. Following 24 h of tobacco deprivation, using a within-subjects design, eight nontreatment seeking tobacco cigarette smokers (3 females) administered 10 puffs from a conventional cigarette or a first-generation electronic cigarette containing liquid with 0, 8 or 16 mg/ml nicotine. Conventional cigarettes ameliorated smoking urges and electronic cigarettes did not, regardless of nicotine concentration. First-generation electronic cigarettes may not effectively substitute for conventional cigarettes in reducing smoking urges, regardless of nicotine concentration.
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Abstract Determining the cause of unexplained death in all age groups, including infants, is a priority in forensic medicine. The triple r...
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Find out more about the wide range of A Levels and full time courses available at Longley Park Sixth Form College, the only independent Sixt...
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Abstract Layer-by-layer (LbL) dip coating, accompanying with the use of micelle structure, allows hydrophobic molecules to be coated on me...
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Abstract In this paper we present the study of a skull belonging to a young male from the Italian Bronze Age showing three perimortem inju...
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Abstract To measure integral doses in image-guided radiation therapy, we developed an integral condenser dosimeter comprising a disposable...
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Objectives. To assess the association between short-term postoperative cognitive dysfuction (POCD) and inflammtory response in patients unde...
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Aims. To evaluate the efficacy of Lian-Se formula (LSF), one Chinese herb formulation for treating sialorrhea and frequent overnight urinati...
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