Experimental validation of a deforming grid 4D dose calculation for PBS proton therapy

The aim of this study was to verify the temporal accuracy of the estimated dose distribution by a 4D dose calculation (4DDC) in comparison to measurements. A single-field plan (0.6 Gy), optimised for a liver patient case (CTV volume: 403cc), was delivered to a homogeneous PMMA phantom and measured by a high resolution scintillating-CCD system at two water equivalent depths. Various motion scenarios (no motion and motions with amplitude of 10 mm and two periods: 3.7 s and 4.4 s) were simulated using a 4D Quasar phantom and logged by an optical tracking system in real-time. Three motion mitigation approaches (single delivery, 6 ##IMG## [http://ift.tt/2GRXjKF] {$\times$} layered and volumetric rescanning) were applied, resulting in 10 individual measurements. 4D dose distributions were retrospectively calculated in water by taking into account the delivery log files (retrospective) containing information on the act...

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