Clival canal and clival foramen development in the fetal and infant basioccipital

Abstract

Purpose

There is a paucity of research regarding both the development and the prevalence of the clival canal or clival foramen in fetuses. Reports that have examined child and adult populations have posited ideas for the development of the canal and foramen; however, they have done so in the absence of anatomical data from the fetal population. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the development of the clival canal and foramen through the assessment of perinatal basioccipitals.

Methods

This study analyzed 104 basioccipital bones, 60 from fetuses and 44 from newborns and infants. Dorsal surfaces of basioccipitals were assessed for the presence of anatomical variation with particular attention to the presence of clival canals and foramina. Among cases in which the presence of a clival canal or clival foramen was suspected, cannulation was performed for verification.

Results

Of the 104 basioccipitals analyzed, 1 (0.96%) had a clival foramen. Clival canals were identified in seven basioccipitals (7:104; 6.73%), four of which were from fetuses. Trends in anatomical variations among basioccipitals were also identified and categorized. These categories were then evaluated relative to age in order to elucidate ontogeny. A model is presented to explain the development of the clival foramen, the clival canal, and the basioccipital, in general.

Conclusions

The presence of a clival canal or foramen should be considered even among individuals of fetal age. The findings of this osteological study suggest that the clival canal and foramen develop around vascular structures and, therefore, signify vascular connections among nearby venous plexuses.

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