Abstract
Background
Pregnant persons are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and adverse obstetric outcomes. Understanding maternal antibody response, duration, and transplacental transfer after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination is important to inform public health recommendations.
Methods
This prospective observational cohort study included 351 pregnant people who had SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. IgG and IgM to SAR S-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain were measured in maternal and cord blood. Antibody levels and transplacental transfer ratios were compared across 1) disease severity for those with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2) infection versus vaccination.
Results
There were 252 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 99 who received COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Birthing people with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection had higher maternal and cord blood IgG levels (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001). Median IgG transfer ratio was 0.87-1.2. Maternal and cord blood IgG were higher after vaccination than infection (p = 0.001, p = 0.001). Transfer ratio was higher after 90 days in the vaccinated group (p < 0.001). Modeling showed higher amplitude and half-life of maternal IgG following vaccination (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences by fetal sex.
Conclusions
COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy leads to higher and longer lasting maternal IgG le vels, higher cord blood IgG, and higher transfer ratio after 90 days compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Greater infection severity leads to higher maternal and cord blood antibodies. Maternal IgG decreases over time following both vaccination and infection, reinforcing the importance of vaccination, even after infection, and vaccine boosters for pregnant patients.
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