Abstract
Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines promises to control HPV infections. However, HPV vaccination program may lay bare an ecological niche for non-vaccine HPV types. We evaluated type-replacement by HPV type and vaccination strategy in a community-randomized trial executed in HPV vaccination naïve population. Thirty-three communities were randomized to gender-neutral vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 vaccine (Arm A), HPV vaccination of girls and hepatitis B-virus (HBV) vaccination of boys (Arm B), and gender-neutral HBV vaccination (Arm C). Resident 1992-95 born boys (40,852) and girls (39,420) were invited. HPV typing of 11,396 cervicovaginal samples was performed by high throughput PCR. Prevalence ratios (PR) between arms and ranked order of HPV types, and odds ratio (OR) for having multiple HPV types in HPV16 or 18/45 positive individuals were calculated. 11,662 boys and 20,513 girls were vaccinated with 20-30% and 45-48% coverage, respectively. The ranked order of HPV types did not significantly differ between arms or birth cohorts. For the non-HPV vaccinated 1992-93 birth cohorts increased PR, between the gender-neutral intervention vs. control arms for HPV39 (PRA 1.84, 95% CI 1.12-3.02) and HPV51 (PRA 1.56, 95% CI 1.11-2.19) were observed. In the gender-neutral arm, increased clustering between HPV39 and the vaccine-covered HPV types 16 or 18/45 (ORA16=5.1, ORA18/45=11.4) was observed in the non-HPV vaccinated 1994-95 birth cohorts. Comparable clustering was seen between HPV51 and HPV16 or HPV18/45 (ORB16=4.7, ORB18/45=4.3), in the girls-only arm. In conclusion, definitively consistent post-vaccination patterns of HPV type-replacement were not observed. Future occurrence of HPV39 and HPV51 warrant investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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