Limitations and opportunities for immune checkpoint inhibitors in pediatric malignancies

Remarkable advances in cancer immunotherapy in recent years have led to paradigm shifts in oncology. The most noticeable results have been with T-cell-based therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), genetically engineered T-cells and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). T-cells represent a major class of cellular drugs in immunosurveillance and tumor eradication with exquisite specificity and long-term memory. However, during tumor equilibrium or progression, T-cells become exhausted or tolerized to tumor cells [1,2].

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