Activation of EGFR/p38/HIF-1{alpha} is pivotal for angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of malignantly transformed cells induced by hexavalent chromium [Gene Regulation]

Cr(VI)-containing compounds are well-established environmental carcinogens. Most mechanistic investigations of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis focus on oxidative stress and various cellular responses, leading to malignant cell transformation, or the first stage of metal-induced carcinogenesis. The development of malignantly transformed cells into tumors which require angiogenesis is the second stage. This study focuses on the second stage, in particular, the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Our preliminary studies have shown that EGFR is constitutively activated in Cr(VI)-transformed cells, in lung tissue from Cr(VI)-exposed animals, and in lung tumor tissue from a non-smoking worker occupationally exposed to Cr(VI) for 19 years. Using in vitro and in vivo models, the present study has investigated the role of EGFR in angiogenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells. The results show that Cr(VI)-transformed cells are angiogenic. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α, proangiogenic protein matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are all highly expressed in Cr(VI)-transformed cells, in lung tissue from animals exposed to Cr(VI), and in lung tumor tissue from a non-smoking worker occupationally exposed to Cr(VI) for 19 years. p38 MAPK was also activated in Cr(VI)-transformed cells and in the human lung tumor tissue. Inhibition of EGFR reduces p38 MAPK, resulting in decreased expressions of HIF-1α, MMP-1, and VEGF, leading to suppressions of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Overall, the present study has demonstrated that EGFR plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells.

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