Life and death of microglia: mechanisms governing microglial states and fates

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Life and death of microglia: mechanisms governing microglial states and fates Via Immunology Letters Immunol Lett. 2022 Apr 9:S0165-2478(22)00042-6. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.001. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTRecent advances in genetic analysis and intensive research have revealed that microglial cells respond to external stimuli in various ways and adopt diverse states. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the possible microglial states during development, homeostasis, and perturbation. These states are characterized either by irreversible cellular changes, such as cell death and cellular senescence, or reversible alterations, triggered by temporary changes in the microenvironment. Subsequently, we discuss the modalities of the transcriptional and functional recovery of microglia from a molecular perspective. An understanding of (ir)reversible changes in their cellular fates... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysphagia in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysphagia in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Via Dysphagia AbstractDysphagia is one of the most common symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It can reduce the quality of life and increase the risk of mortality by developing complications such as aspiration pneumonia. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dysphagia in MS patients and investigate the associations between dysphagia and disease characteristics. The Persian version of the DYMUS questionnaire was used to assess dysphagia in 865 patients with MS, including 738 (85.3%) relapsing –remitting MS (RRMS), 106 (12.3%) secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 21 (2.4%) primary progressive MS (PPMS). Also, demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, smoking status, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, disease duration, disease-modifying therapies exp... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Cervical Vertebral Height Approximates Hyoid Displacement in Videofluoroscopic Images of Healthy Adults

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Cervical Vertebral Height Approximates Hyoid Displacement in Videofluoroscopic Images of Healthy Adults Via Dysphagia This study aimed to determine the validity and feasibility of a visual, anatomically scaled benchmark for judging complete hyoid displacement during a VFSS. The third and fourth cervical vertebral bodies (C3 and C4) lie at roughly the same vertical position as the hyoid body an d are strongly correlated with patient height. We hypothesized that anterior and superior displacement of the hyoid bone would approximate the height of one C3 or C4 body during safe swallows. Trained raters marked points of interest on C3, C4, and the hyoid body on 1414 swallows of adult patients w ith suspected dysphagia (n = 195) and 50 swallows of age-matched healthy participants (n = 17), and rated Penetration Aspiration Scale scores. Results indicated that the mean displacements of the hyoid bone were ... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on the Type of ALS

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on the Type of ALS in Korean Patients Evaluated Using Videofluoroscopic Study: A Retrospective Analysis Via Dysphagia In this study, videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) results of bulbar and spinal onset ALS patients were compared. VFSS results and revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score were also analyzed to assess the correlation between dysphagia and functional status of patients. ALS patients with swallowing difficulties who underwent VFSS were recruited retrospectively. Two oral, seven pharyngeal, and two esophageal components of VFSS were evaluated. An ALSRFRS-R bulbar subtype score  <  9 was used to divide the groups with severe bulbar symptoms. Total 109 Korean ALS patients (39 bulbar vs 70 spinal) were included. Bulbar ALS patients exhibited a significantly longer oral transit time (OTT) then spinal ALS patients, especially in severe bulbar patients with low ALSRFRS-R bu... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Does Medialization Improve Swallowing Function in Patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis? A Systematic Review

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Does Medialization Improve Swallowing Function in Patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis? A Systematic Review Via Dysphagia The objective of this systematic review was to determine the impact of vocal fold medialization on dysphagia outcomes. Six electronic bibliographic databases and one clinical trial registry were searched on 3/13/2020. Our patient population were adult patients with verified UVFP that underwent vocal fold medialization. We limited review to prospective studies that had formal dysphagia assessment both before and after medialization. Nine studies met selection criteria (7 prospective case series and 2 prospective cohort studies) totaling 157 patients. The most common etiology of UVFP was iatrogenic (74/157; 47%). The majority of patients underwent injection augmentation (92/157; 59%), and the remaining underwent medialization thyroplasty. A variety of methods were used to assess changes in d... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Evaluation of Dysphagia in Motor Neuron Disease. Review of Available Diagnostic Tools and New Perspectives

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Evaluation of Dysphagia in Motor Neuron Disease. Review of Available Diagnostic Tools and New Perspectives Via Dysphagia AbstractOropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is highly prevalent (up to 80%) in patients with motor neuron disease (MND), influencing the prognosis of the disease. The clinical assessment of dysphagia is complex. There are assessment scales and screening questionnaires, but they have not been tested in patients with MND. In a sample of 46 patients with MND, the sensitivity and specificity of the EAT-10 and SwalQoL questionnaires, as well as the ALS-SS and FOIS scales, were tested and compared to the gold standard technique (videofluoroscopy, VFS). The patients were stratified using the DOSSc variable according to the video fluoroscopic examination with (n = 37) or without (n = 8) signs of dysphagia, and the results were compared with the scores obtained in the dysphagia questionnaires. Non... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Protective effects of the notoginsenoside R1 on acute lung injury by regulating the miR-128-2-5p/Tollip signaling pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

alwin shared this article with you from Inoreader Protective effects of the notoginsenoside R1 on acute lung injury by regulating the miR-128-2-5p/Tollip signaling pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis Via Innate Immunity In this study, we explored the pulmonary protective effect and the underlying mechanism of the NG-R1 on rats with ALI induced by severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). MiR-128-2-5p, ERK1, Tollip, HMGB1, TLR4, IκB, and NF-κB mRNA expression levels were measured using real-time qPCR, and TLR4, Tollip, HMGB1, IRAK1, MyD88, ERK1, NF-κB65, and P-IκB-α protein expression levels using Western blot. The NF-κB and the TLR4 activities were determined using immunohistochemistry, and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using ELISA. Lung histopathological changes were observed in each group. NG-R1 treatment reduced miR-128-2-5p expression in the lung tissue, increased Tollip expression, inhibited HMGB1, TLR4, TRAF6, IRAK1, MyD88, NF-κB65, and p-IκB-α ex... View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.