Histomorphological spectrum of salivary gland tumors in a tertiary care hospital—A retrospective study

2016-10-03T10-50-55Z
Source: International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health
Nirali S. Amin, Smita A. Shah, Shreedhan G. Prajapati, Hansa M. Goswami.
Background: Salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for 310% of the total tumors of head and neck region. Approximately 80% of the salivary gland tumors are found in the parotid gland and 1015% in the submandibular gland. Around 80% of parotid tumors and 50% of submandibular tumors are benign. Salivary gland tumors can show a striking range of morphological diversity between different tumor types and sometimes within an individual tumor mass. Hence, it is important to identify various histomorphological patterns and classify them accordingly. Objectives: The aim of this study was to recognize various histomorphological patterns of salivary gland tumors, their frequency, age, and site distribution. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study of 96 cases of salivary gland tumors, diagnosed on histopathological examination over a period of 2 years (July 2012 to June 2014) in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital. Histopathological examination was done on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Result: Out of 96 cases, 60 (62.5%) were benign and 36 (37.5%) were malignant. Benign tumors were frequent in the 3rd and 4th decade, whereas malignant tumors were common in 4th and 5th decades of life. Male:female ratio was 1.6:1. The most common site of occurrence for both benign and malignant tumors was the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (36.1%) was the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Parotid was the most common site for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Conclusion: Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare. Benign salivary gland tumors are more common than malignant ones. There is a male preponderance. The Parotid gland is the commonest site for occurrence of salivary gland tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequent benign tumor whereas mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of salivary glands. Histopathological examination is mandatory in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors as they have a very wide spectrum of morphological patterns.


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A comparative study of sevoflurane and propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion

2016-10-03T10-50-55Z
Source: International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health
Binita Patel, Hemangini Patel, Bansari Kantharia.
Background: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is a useful advent in the airway management, filling a niche between the face mask and the tracheal tube in terms of both the anatomical position and the degree of invasiveness. Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent which depresses both laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes and provides profound relaxation of pharyngeal muscles. Incidences of agging coughing, laryngospasm are less while using propofol than thiopentone. Sevoflurane is pleasant smelling, non-irritating to the airway, has a low blood gas solubility coefficient, good muscle relaxant effect, and high inspired concentration can be given without side effects or discomfort. It allows rapid smooth inhalation induction with excellent recovery characteristics. Objective: To compare the quality of the condition provided for successful LMA insertion by sevoflurane induction with propofol induction methods. Materials and Methods: Study was carried out in 100 patients at the New Civil Hospital, Surat. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups comprising of 50 patients each. In Group-P induction with propofol 3 mg/kg intravenously over 30 seconds and in Group-S induction have done with inhalational sevoflurane 8% and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. Results: The mean pulse rate before induction in Group-P was 79.92±9.18 beats/min and in Group-S it was 80.96±10.11 beats/min, p>0.05. Following LMA insertion the mean pulse rate increased in both the groups. However, the mean pulse rate did not differ significantly between the groups at any time following LMA insertion, p>0.05. The mean systolic blood pressure before induction in Group-P was 119.92±9.44 mmHg and in Group-S it was 118.40±8.60 mmHg, p>0.05. Comparing the 2 groups, this difference was insignificant. Following LMA insertion the mean systolic blood pressure decreased but mean systolic blood pressure did not differ significantly on comparing both groups at any time following LMA insertion, p>0.05. The mean SPO2% at baseline in Group-P was 99.54±0.89% and in Group-S it was 99.72±12.7%, p>0.05. The mean time for cessation of verbal communication in Group-P was 32.9±7.07 seconds and in Group-S, it was 33.7±5.13 seconds. The mean time to successful LMA insertion in Group-P was 79.4±27.63 seconds and in Group-S, it was 128.5±19.46 seconds, p


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Cross sectional study of knowledge of cervical cancer and awareness, knowledge and vaccine acceptance human papillomavirus vaccine among school girls of government and private school of Central India

2016-10-03T03-01-31Z
Source: International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Sachin Parmar, Bhagwan Waskel, Sanjay Dixit, Geeta Shivram, Ananad Patidar, Sreelakshmi Suresh Babu, Vipin patel.
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and in India, it is the number one killer cancer among women. About 500,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer contributing to around 270,000 deaths, across the globe every year. Out of these, the burden of 230,000 (85%) deaths is owned by developing countries, with bare minimal resources to cope with the situation. In India alone there are an estimated 132,000 new cases and 74,000 deaths each year. The discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for virtually all cervical cancers opens exciting new possibilities for controlling this disease. Methods: Randomly 300 girls were selected from private and government schools of central India aged between 16-18 years a semi structured questionnaire was provided to asses knowledge of cervical cancer and awareness, knowledge and vaccine acceptance HPV vaccine among the school girls. Results: Total 85% of the students are aware about cervical cancer overall. (80% of Government school students and 90% of the private school students) but only 43% of the students have heard about HPV overall,53% of the students know that cervical cancer is preventable, and 54% of Pvt. School students know that it is preventable. 50% of the students are aware that there are screening methods for cervical cancer, only 3% of the students are aware of all the modes of transmission and 72% are aware about Sexual intercourse is mode of transmission. 39.3% are aware that multiple sexual partners are a risk factor for HPV infection and 38.2% are aware that unprotected sexual intercourse is a risk factor. Only 8.9% are aware that first intercourse at young age is a risk factor and only 13.45% are aware that other STDs are also a risk factor for HPV infection, 55% of the students was aware about availability of vaccine against HPV. 54% of the students are not aware that the vaccine is available in India. Conclusions: The low level of knowledge indicates that the larger population of less educated women is in greater lack of awareness. During this survey we accessed a population that has not been widely studied and our observations leads to conclude that the absence of an active national cervical screening and awareness program has resulted in the lack of basic knowledge about important risk factors for cervix cancer even among the literate population of school girls.


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Cardiovascular profile of aluminium phosphide poisoning and its clinical significance

2016-10-03T00-46-49Z
Source: International Journal of Advances in Medicine
Sudhir Kalawat, Vibhuti Thakur, Ashok Thakur, N. D. Punjabi.
Background: Aluminium phosphide is a solid fumigant pesticide and it has currently aroused interest with increasing number of poisoning cases in past three decades. Over the time it has become an effective and widely used medium for suicide and homicide. Aluminium phosphide has highly effective killing power. Death is due to its direct toxic effect over the heart leading to peripheral circulatory failure .Aluminium phosphide poisoning affects the most of the organs. Early symptoms include nausea, vomiting, retrosternal and epigastric pain, dyspnea, anxious, agitation and smell of garlic breath. Methods: 50 patients, who were admitted in MICU, following consumption of aluminium phosphide tablets were included in the study. Patients clinical evaluation was done as per standard. PaO2 was noted with pulse oxymeter. Troponin I, ECG and echo of the patients was done to study the cardiac toxicities and pathological reports were correlated. Results: Out of 50 cases, ECG was normal in 20 cases and abnormal in 30 cases-sinus tachycardia was most common finding (24%) while heart block was least (4%). On echo, hypokinesia was seen in 40% cases, decreased ejection fraction in 8% cases and normal echo was seen in 12% cases. Serum troponin test was positive in 26%. Out of 50 cases, 19 died and rest 31 cases survived. Conclusions: AgNO3 test, ECG and pulse oxymetry are bed side, cost effective tools and should be done in all cases. Echocardiography is a useful tool to evaluate cardiac function and cardiac anatomy. Whenever it is available, it must be done in cases of aluminium phosphide poisoning. Serum troponin-I test should be done to assess significant myocardial damage. Thus, proper clinical work out along with relevant investigations and management as per standard protocol may save many more lives.


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Comparison of pulse oximetry and colour: a better index of oxygenation in neonatal resuscitation

2016-10-03T00-41-58Z
Source: International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics
Akanksha Bansal, Ghanshyam Das, Ravi Ambey.
Background: Colour is an unreliable indicator of tissue oxygenation in the first few minutes of life. Little data is available about the progression of SpO2 in the new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section. So this study was conducted. The objectives of this study were to compare the new-borns colour and oxygen saturation readings as an index of oxygenation and to find a more reliable one, and to compare the oxygen saturation profiles of the new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in a tertiary care hospital on 500 newborns between 28-42 weeks, requiring routine care. Simultaneous assessment of colour and oxygen saturation readings was done at 30 second intervals after birth till 10 minutes of life. Results: No significant difference has been found in the median SpO2 values of the new-borns requiring routine care that were pink and cyanosed since birth (p≥ 0.05). About 5.30 minutes required for most of the cyanosed new-borns to become pink (p≥ 0.05). Mean time±SD required for cyanosed new-born for getting pink was 1.96±1.33 minutes. Oxygen saturation rises slowly in new-borns delivered by caesarean section as compared to those delivered vaginally, especially in the first few minutes of life and more in preterm than term new-borns. Conclusions: Unnecessary use of oxygen can be avoided by taking into account pulse oximetry. Separate sets of reference SpO2 should be used for new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section.


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Immunostimulatory activity of brown seaweed-derived fucoidans at different molecular weights and purity levels towards white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

2016-10-02T06-42-59Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Ellya Sinurat, Endang Saepudin, Rosmawaty Peranginangin, Sumi Hudiyono.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the virulent pathogens and causes big economic losses to shrimp aquaculture (Flegel, 2011). In general, most crustaceans have no immune system memory and only rely on innate immunity to protect themself against pathogen infection and other external factors that constantly threatens their lives (Sarathi et al., 2007). Research in the immune response of shrimp has flourished because of its importance in aquaculture and the increasing number of pathogens that arise are found, which may affect an organism's defense system (Bachere et al., 2000). To fight these pathogens, the shrimp using a variety of specific immune mechanisms, including haemocytes mobilization (Johansson and Soderhall, 1989); prophenoloxidase cascade formation (Sritunyalucksana and Soderhall, 2000). The immune system of shrimp is intimately related to its blood (hemolymph), because it contains haemocytes involved in cell's defense mechanisms such as phagocytosis, lysis of foreign units and encapsulation (Soderhall and Smith, 1983; Fuhua and Jianhai, 2013; Dechamag et al., 2006). Prophenoloxidase (proPO) system is an important defense mechanism in crustaceans. This system involves a complex molecular cascade triggered by components of the surface of immunostimulants. A number of immunostimulants that have been used in aquaculture are from the class of polysaccharides derived from bacteria and fungi such as -glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, Cynodon dactylon and herbal immunostimulant. In addition to that, there are also immunostimulants derived from seaweeds such as alginate, carrageenan, laminarin and fucoidan. Generally immunostimulatory substances that have been reported so far were less pure or in the form of crude extracts (Chin et al., 2013). Fucoidan has no direct effect on virion, but it plays a role in the defense system through cellular and the humolar mechanisms to fight the virus. Mechanism of antiviral activity of fucoidan is to inhibit the absorption of viruses and the formation of virus-induced syncytium (Mandal et al., 2007). The biologic activities of fucoidans are closely related to their molecular structures, which include fucose linkage, the sugar type, sulfate content, and molecular weight. Among these, molecular weight is one of the most important factors determining the biological activities of polysaccharides.


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Evaluation of focal liver lesions by magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with pathology

2016-10-01T06-28-21Z
Source: International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Uma Maheswara Rao M., Lakshman Rao Ch..
Background: The goals of imaging in focal liver lesions is to assess the number, size, location and characterize the lesions as benign / malignant with newer imaging modalities and confirmation of pathology by Fine needle aspiration cytology or by biopsy. This is essential for treatment planning and prognosis. Methods: A total of 42 patients detected to have focal lesions in liver on ultra-sonogram were characterized on MRI on the basis of morphology, signal characteristics, enhancement patterns. Extra hepatic spread is suggested by capsular breach, peritoneal metastases and lymph node enlargement. Tissue diagnosis was obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology/ Tru cut biopsy/ surgery. Hemangiomas and simple cysts were followed up for an average period of 7.5 months by imaging without biopsy. Results: Out of 42 patients, 28 were males (68%) and 14 were females (32%). The age range was 20 to 70 years with a mean age of 51 years for malignant lesions. The right lobe of liver was involved in 26 (62%), left lobe in 7 (17%) and both lobes in 9(21%) cases. There were 24 benign and 18 malignant lesions. The mean ADC value was 2.092 X 10-3 sec/ mm2 and 1.241 X 10-3 sec/ mm2 for benign and malignant lesions respectively. The difference in mean ADC values in both the groups was significant (p


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