Pharmacotherapy of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Patients: A Review

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Sadhana Nittur Holla, Meena Kumari Kamal Kishore, Mohan Babu Amberkar.
With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, there has been a dramatic decrease in the morbidity and mortality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. Due to varying degree of immunosuppression, these patients are prone to various number of infections in their lifetime. Respiratory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and the skin are the most susceptible for the organisms to be infected in opportunistic infections. Timely management of these microbial infections followed chemoprophylaxis is an important part of guidelines set for management of opportunistic infections in HIV. The development of drug toxicities and drug resistance in managing patients with HIV has always remained a clinical challenge. Consideration is given to the numerous known pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs used to treat and prevent opportunistic infections and antiretroviral drugs, and development of complications like immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clinicians must be knowledgeable about optimal strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in order to improve health and to provide high quality of care for the patients.


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Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and Metformin hydrochloride from it’s pharmaceutical dosage form by three different UV spectrophotometric methods

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Ashim Kumar Sen, Denish N. Hinsu, Dhanya B. Sen, Aarti S. Zanwar, Rajesh A. Maheshwari, Vikas R. Chandrakar.
Three new UV spectrophotometric methods namely simultaneous equation, absorbance ratio and first derivative (zero crossing) spectroscopic methods were developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride in tablet formulation which were simple, sensitive, precise and accurate. In simultaneous equation method, absorbance was measured at 237 and 246 nm for both the drugs. Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride was estimated using 237 and 247.5 nm in absorbance ratio method. First derivative (zero crossing) method was based on the transformation of UV spectra in to first derivative spectra followed by measurement of first derivative signal at 237 and 246 nm for teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride, respectively using 2 nm as wavelength interval (Δλ) and 1 as scaling factor. Developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines including parameters viz., specificity, linearity and range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. All the three methods showed linear response in the concentration range of 1-20 µg/ml for both the drugs. Results of method validation parameters follows ICH guideline acceptable limits. Based on the assay results obtained, methods were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests (95% confidence level) using computer based fitting program (Prism, Graphpad version 5, Graphpad Software Inc). Outcome of the statistical analysis proved that there was no considerable dissimilarity between all the developed methods. Methods were found to be simple, fast, highly sensitive, cost effective and hence can be useful for simultaneous estimation of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride in commercial tablet formulation for routine quality control analysis.


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Acute and Subchronic Toxicities of Indonesian Mistletoes Dendrophthoe pentandra L. (Miq.) Ethanol Extract

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Resmi Mustarichie, Sohadi Warya, Nyi Mekar Saptarini, Ida Musfiroh.
Traditionally mistletoes Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq known in Indonesia is to cure cough, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, ulcers, smallpox, diuretic, skin infection and after child-birth. Previously we reported its total flavonoid content and antiinflammatory properties. This article reports the acute and subchronic toxicity testing. Acute toxicity aims to determine the toxic dose of Dendrophthoe pentandra ethanol extract in mice that expressed in LD50 using probit log chart. Subchronic toxicity aims to look at the security level of long-term use of the extract. For the acute toxicity test done within approximately 14 days while the subchronic toxicity tests carried out for a period of 121 days. Animals were sacrificed and examined organs and histopathologic index. The results showed LD50 values for acute toxicity seen in the observations at a dose of 20 g/kg which might cause mortality of 50% in mice. A dose of 20 g / kg in mice was comparable to a dose of 14 g/kg in rat. From the subchronic observation test and from the observation group and Satellite Test found any swelling suspected tumor. In the Test group occurred Lymphoma severe, and in the group of satellites could be seen the rest of the connective tissue and inflammation. These tumors could be associated with a given dose of the extract, because the control group, did not happen the same as in the other two groups were given the extract. Data showed that the results SGOT of test group was greater than the control group, but the value was still approaching the reference value. While the results of SGPT levels of test group was smaller than the control group, but the overall value of SGPT much larger than the reference value that indicated liver damage. It was found in the kidney test that creatinine values of all groups were still within the range of the reference value. From these results it can be concluded ethanol extract Dendrophthoe pentandra have LD50 values which have toxicological significance is not toxic but is not recommended to be used for a long periode.


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Phenolic Composition and Inhibitory Ability of Methanolic Extract from Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L) Seeds on Fe-induced Thiobarbituric acid reactive species in Albino Rat’s Testicular Tissue In-Vitro

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Seun F. Akomolafe, Ganiyu Oboh, Sunday I. Oyeleye, Olorunfemi R. Molehin, Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi.
Pumpkin seed has been associated with a myriad of medicinal uses in different part of the world. In this study, phenolic composition and Fe2+ induced thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) inhibitory ability of methanolic extract from pumpkin seeds in rats testes homogenates were determined. The extract was prepared with 80% methanol (v/v) and the radicals [(1,1-diphenyl2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)] scavenging, Fe2+ chelation and ferric reducing abilities of the extract were also carried out. The phenolics composition was also investigated using gas chromatography couple with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The GC analysis revealed the presence of vallinic, coumaric protocatechuic, caffeic, ferulic and sinapinic acids, and apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol as the dominant phenolic compounds. The results revealed that the extract inhibited Fe2+-induced TBARS, scavenge DPPH radical and chelate Fe2+ in a dose dependent manner. The extract also scavenged ABTS radical and reduced Fe2+ to Fe3+. Although, the standard used had higher effect compared to the extract, nevertheless, the TBARs inhibitory potential of the extracts clearly gives an insight on the protective potentials against oxidative induce testicular damage that might leads to male infertility. These abilities could however be linked to the presence of polyphenolic compounds.


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In vitro and In vivo Anti-Arthritic Activity of Combined Ethanolic Extracts of Pisonia grandis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in Wistar Rats

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Nandhini Padmini, Shobana Devi Sundaramoorthy, Himanshu Tripathi, Rajeswary Hari.
ABSTRACT The combined Bi-herbal ethanolic extract (BHE) made up of equal quantities of leaves of Pisonia grandis and Cardiospermum halicacabum was evaluated for its synergistic invitro and invivo Anti-arthritic effects and was compared with its individual ethanolic extracts of Pisonia grandis (EPG) and Cardiospermum halicacabum (ECH). The inhibition of protein denaturation, membrane stabilization and proteinase enzyme inhibition were studied as invitro and Freunds adjuvant arthritis model in Wistar rats was used to study the invivo Anti-arthritic activity. The three extracts (BHE, EPG, and ECH) at the dose level of 300mg/kg b.w.in 2%CMC were ingested orally to the CFA treated rats once daily for 40 days and the percentage inhibition of the paw volume increase due to the drug treatment was calculated. All the three plant extracts exhibited dose dependent stabilization of the RBC membranes, inhibition of protein denaturation and protease inhibition. The BHE has got a significant reduction in the paw volume and oedema when comparable to EPG and ECH in these intoxicant treated animals. These observed effects may be due to its inhibition of free radical production due to the immunological and inflammatory reactions or minimizing protein denaturation or proteinase enzyme or stabilizing the membranes.


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Evaluation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of leaf material of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. and investigation of their proliferation inhibition potential against EAC cell line

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Shankar Sangeetha, Swaminathan Meenakshi, Srinivasan Akshaya, Vellingiri Vadivel, Pemaiah Brindha.
In the present study, antioxidant and anticancer activities of different solvent extracts of an Indian medicinal plant, Spathodia campanulata P. Beauv. (leaf) were investigated. Among the different extracts studied, 70% ethanolic extract of S. campanulata leaf registered high antioxidant activity in terms of phosphomolybdate reducing power (955 FAEA), radical scavenging activity against DPPH (84.67%), superoxide (72.69%), hydrogen peroxide (83.20%) and hydroxyl radicals (70%), when compared to ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. Further, the ethanolic extract illustrated remarkable anticancer activity against EAC cell line (85%) when compared to ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. Ethanol extract showed higher level of total phenolic concentration (9.21 mg FAE/L), which is correlated with the maximum antioxidant activity exhibited by this extract. Due to remarkable antioxidant and anticancer properties, the ethanolic extract of S. campanulata leaf could be considered as a natural source of plant based drug to prevent / treat oxidative stress induced diseases such as cancer.


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Study of quality of life and characteristic factors in women with breast cancer undergoing different types of therapy

2016-09-29T05-30-58Z
Source: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Redhwan A. Al-Naggar, Muhamed T Osman, Nameer Al-Baghdadi.
ABSTRACT Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and an increasingly important issue is to evaluate quality of life (QoL) among these patients. The objective of this study was to appreciate the QoL and associated factors among breast cancer women undergoing different types of therapy. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 166 breast cancer women from two specialized centres in Baghdad, Iraq, from February 2014 to December 2014. The questionnaire used in this study was The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). The majority were employee (60.3%), with high school education (63.2%), with no family history of cancer (79.5%). Majority were diagnosed with grade II (56.6%) and tumor size less than 2 cm in diameter (95.8%). The majority of women underwent mastectomy (98.2%), received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and Tamoxifen therapy (89.8%, 29.5%, and 36.1%; respectively). The study found a significant difference between the quality of life among cancer patients and job, stage of cancer, size of tumor, and radiotherapy. Job, stage of cancer, size of tumor, and radiotherapy significantly influenced the women QoL. Therefore, more attention on these variables is highly recommended when dealing with breast cancer patients undergoing different types of therapy


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